The Modulatory Role of Vitamin C in Boldenone Undecylenate Induced Testicular Oxidative Damage and Androgen Receptor Dysregulation in Adult Male Rats PMC

Simultaneous production of NO and superoxide by activated microglia, under proinflammatory conditions, gives rise to the formation of peroxynitrite that induces neuronal death [72]. Thus, the present increase in iNOS in the cortex under the effect of boldenone and tramadol could be responsible for the significant increase in cortical NO. This may represent one of the mechanisms that underlie the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration induced by tramadol and boldenone. Grossly, the testes of all animals showed no pathological lesions and were apparently normal. Still, those of the BOL and Vit-C+BOL-treated animals showed a slight reduction in the sizes and weights compared to the control. Boldenone is an anabolic androgenic steroid and synthetic derivative of testosterone that was originally developed for veterinary use.

• It also controls the cell proteins growth (Tukaj and Węgrzyn, 2016) and facilitates intracellular transport, protein degradation, and cell signaling (Pearl, 2016).
• The ability to sustain physical exertion for longer periods without succumbing to fatigue allows individuals to train harder and achieve optimal results.
• We investigated the metabolism of boldenone in cattle after intramuscular and oral treatment of boldenone, boldenone esters and boldione.

Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any AChE present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for AChE is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound avidin-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of AChE bound in the initial step. The apparatus employed in the present investigation consisted of a metallic Y-maze comprising three arms, forming the Y shape. Each arm was 35cm long, 25 cm high, and 10 cm wide and was positioned at 120° extending from a central platform.

Boldenone Steroid

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The observed effects of Vit-C upon sperm motility are linked to both antioxidant and non-antioxidant, the cellular enzyme activity of the vitamin. Vit-C is essential to the production of sperm DNA content by being a coenzyme in DNA methylation. It is worth noting that the motility of sperm depends much on mitochondrial quantities and qualities in the tailpiece. In particular, it was bodybuilding steroids observed that Vit-C acts as a coenzyme to reduce the oxidized components of Cu2+ and α-ketoglutarate-containing Fe2+ in the body and for kinase inhibitor [57]. This Vit-C behavior may, in one way or another, have led to the measurable result in sperm motility. In this era, a growing interest is directed towards the use of natural supplements as reproprotecive therapies [24,25].

Is Chris Hemsworth on Steroids? “Thor” Steroid Cycle and Workouts

Quantitative lesion scoring and immunohistochemical expression of androgen receptor (AR) and heat shock protein (Hsp90) in the hepatic and renal tissues of rats in response to boldenone (BLD) and/or vitamin C (VC) treatment. (A–F) Representative photomicrograph of the H&E stained hepatic tissue sections showing normal histological pictures in the vehicle control (A) and VC-treated (B) rats. The BLD-treated rats showing peliosis hepatis (black ellipses), and nuclear pyknosis (black arrowheads) (C), biliary hyperplasia (black arrow), hydropic degeneration (black arrowhead), and portal inflammatory infiltrate (black ellipse) (D). (G–L) Representative photomicrograph of the H&E stained renal tissue sections showing normal histological pictures in the vehicle control (G) and VC-treated (H) rats. Pharmaceuticals is a muscle-enhancing solution tailored for athletes and bodybuilders. This powerful injection is crafted to propel your muscle growth and strength, taking your performance skills to new, exciting levels.

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. To our knowledge, little is known about the effect of BL on immune responses and nil on thyroid profile in rats. Whenever the use of VC against BL immune responses was not investigated before. Therefore, this experimental study investigates whether the possible immune responses against BL abuse in rats potentiate autoimmune diseases like autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). NM and ME handled the animals, collected the samples and carried out the biochemical analyses and the histopathological examinations. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was assayed quantitatively using ELISA Kit (SinoGeneclon Co., Ltd Catalog NoSG-20512).

Ibrahim M El-Ashmawy

Similarly, Urhausen et al. (2003) and Gabr et al. (2009) demonstrated that the ALT and AST levels considerably increased in weaned male lambs after BLD intramuscular administration. The increase in serum ALT and AST activities can be due to their release into the blood from the cytosol of the liver cells, which is confirmed by hepatic histopathological examination. Higher ALT and AST serum enzymes are a symptom of cellular leakage and cell membrane functionality within the liver (Saggu and Kumar, 2007). Oppositely, the former elevation significantly depressed in VC + BLD co-treated group. Accordingly, Oladele et al. (2020) reported that treatment with VC reduced cypermethrin-induced alterations in the biochemical activities of liver.

Anabolic androgenic steroids effects on the immune system: a review

The reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels were determined according to the methods of Beutler et al. (1963), Paglia and Valentine (1967), and Habig et al. (1974), respectively. Glutathione reductase (GSR) was assayed according to the method of Goldberg (1984). Total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) amounts were estimated by Diamond Diagnostics kits (Cairo, Egypt) following the procedures of Henry (1964) and Doumas et al. (1971), respectively.

Effects on Renal Injury Indicators

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Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases

However, the VC co-treatment in intramuscularly BLD injected rats significantly reduced the MDA level but increased GSH, GPx, GST, and GSR levels compared with BLD-injected group. TES can be aromatized to E2 in various extra glandular tissues, a pathway that accounts for most of the estrogenic synthesis in men and postmenopausal women [64]. The current study revealed a substantial reduction in serum E2 in BOL treated group compared to the control group. BOL is TES with an extra double bond with a low rate of aromatization (about 50% of TES).